Topics students find confusing

36 of 66 students entered text; this excludes entries such as no comment or N/A.

Dominant theme: Web scraping and its supporting tools (HTML, rvest, and SelectorGadget) were explicitly mentioned in 15 responses.
Next most visible theme: Pivoting or data tidying appeared in 7 responses. Students also described difficulty deciding which function to use or applying familiar ideas to a new problem.
Less frequent recurring topics: Conditional logic and database keys were each mentioned by two students.
No single issue: Several students said they were not confused about a particular topic.

The counts above use transparent keyword coding and may overlap. See the accompanying chart.